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creatinecreatine monohydrateFeatured

Creatine and Cognitive Function: The Meta-Analysis Flaw Behind the Popular Claim

A widely cited 2024 meta-analysis said creatine improves memory and processing speed. EFSA rejected the health claim, and a 2026 commentary explains the statistical error behind it.

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ashwagandhaWithania somnifera

Ashwagandha and Liver Injury: The Case Reports Behind the TGA Safety Signal

Australia's TGA updated its ashwagandha safety advisory in July 2026. Here's what the underlying case reports, LiverTox data, and causality assessments actually show.

10 min read
exerciseneurogenesis

Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis: The BDNF Mechanism Explained

How aerobic exercise drives hippocampal neurogenesis via BDNF: lactate and irisin mechanisms, Erickson 2011 human evidence, and zone 2 vs HIIT dose-response.

12 min read
adenosinesleep pressure

Adenosine and Sleep Pressure: The Neuroscience of Process S

How adenosine builds during wakefulness to drive sleep pressure: A1/A2A receptors, basal forebrain circuitry, caffeine antagonism, and glymphatic clearance.

12 min read
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Psilocybin Neuroplasticity: 2026 Research Overview

An evidence review of psilocybin's mechanisms in neuroplasticity research: BDNF/TrkB signalling, dendritic spine growth, and Australia's prescriber pathway.

11 min read
Alzheimer'sdementia prevention

Alzheimer's Prevention Research: What the Evidence Shows

The 2024 Lancet Commission found 45% of dementia is preventable. A research overview of modifiable risk factors, FINGER trial, anti-amyloid drugs, and BDNF.

12 min read
IGF-1neurotrophic factor

IGF-1 and the Brain: Neurotrophic Research

A research overview of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the brain: how it reaches and is made in the CNS, its receptor signalling, its neurotrophic roles in neurogenesis and plasticity, and the mixed evidence on IGF-1 and cognition.

5 min read
GABAnootropics

GABA Pathway Nootropics: Anxiety and Sleep Evidence

An evidence-grounded review of the GABAergic system and the compounds that modulate it, from phenibut to ashwagandha, with honest risk-benefit analysis.

11 min read
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4Neuroscience is an independent research hub synthesising peer-reviewed studies on nootropic peptides, cognitive neuroscience, and human performance, written for researchers, students, and health-conscious Australians.

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